/* ============================================================================
   Reacting Flow Laboratory — Site Design System v11
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
   A single source of visual truth. Aggressively overrides the per-page <style>
   blocks so every page renders identically for nav, hero, sections, cards,
   and footer. Only page-unique elements (carousel visuals, filter chips,
   project images) live in the per-page <style>.

   Palette: NCKU red (warm accent) + Penn State navy/blue (structural)
   Tone:    editorial · confident · warm-modern · uncluttered
   ============================================================================ */

:root {
  /* ── Surfaces (clean white for figures/charts compatibility) ── */
  --bg:           #FFFFFF;
  --bg-soft:      #F7F7F8;
  --bg-warm:      #F7F7F8;
  --paper:        #FFFFFF;
  --paper-tint:   rgba(255,255,255,.85);

  /* ── Ink ── */
  --ink:          #14171F;
  --ink-soft:     #2A2E3A;
  --ink-mute:     #5F6470;
  --ink-faint:    #8A8F9C;
  --line:         #E5E7EB;
  --line-soft:    #F0F1F3;

  /* ── Brand ── */
  --ncku:         #B8232C;
  --ncku-deep:    #821018;
  --ncku-soft:    #FBE9EB;
  --ncku-glow:    rgba(184,35,44,.10);

  --psu-navy:     #001E44;
  --psu:          #1E407C;
  --psu-bright:   #2A5CB8;
  --psu-light:    #E8F0FC;
  --psu-glow:     rgba(30,64,124,.12);

  /* ── Aliases preserved from earlier revisions ── */
  --navy:        var(--psu-navy);
  --gold:        var(--psu);
  --ncku-red:    var(--ncku);
  --ncku-red-deep: var(--ncku-deep);
  --ember:       var(--ncku);
  --ember-deep:  var(--ncku-deep);
  --sky:         var(--psu-light);
  --rose:        #D85B66;

  /* ── Effects ── */
  --shadow-xs:   0 1px 2px  rgba(20,23,31,.05);
  --shadow-sm:   0 4px 14px rgba(20,23,31,.06);
  --shadow-md:   0 12px 30px rgba(20,23,31,.09);
  --shadow-lg:   0 24px 50px rgba(20,23,31,.13);
  --shadow-card: 0 10px 24px rgba(20,23,31,.07);

  --radius-sm:   8px;
  --radius-md:   14px;
  --radius-lg:   22px;
  --radius-pill: 999px;

  /* ── Layout ── */
  --page-pad:    clamp(20px, 4vw, 56px);
  --max-w:       1200px;

  /* ── Signature brand gradient ── */
  --brand-gradient:      linear-gradient(110deg, var(--psu-navy) 0%, var(--psu) 42%, var(--ncku) 100%);
  --brand-gradient-line: linear-gradient(90deg,  var(--psu) 0%, var(--psu-bright) 50%, var(--ncku) 100%);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Reset + base
   ============================================================================ */
*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing:border-box; }
html { font-size: clamp(15px, .35vw + 13.6px, 17px); -webkit-text-size-adjust:100%; scroll-behavior:smooth; }
html, body { max-width:100%; overflow-x:hidden; }
img, svg, video, canvas { max-width:100%; height:auto; }
* { min-width:0; }

body {
  margin:0;
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',sans-serif;
  font-size:16px;
  line-height:1.55;
  color:var(--ink);
  background-color:#FFFFFF;
  background-image:
    radial-gradient(60vw 36vh at 95% -8%, rgba(184,35,44,.04), transparent 60%),
    radial-gradient(50vw 32vh at -5% 4%, rgba(30,64,124,.05), transparent 62%);
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}

/* Remove the paper grain — not needed on white */
body::before {
  display: none !important;
}

::selection { background:rgba(184,35,44,.18); color:var(--ink); }

a { color: var(--psu); text-decoration-thickness:1px; text-underline-offset:3px; transition:color .18s ease; }
a:hover { color: var(--ncku); }

/* ============================================================================
   Layout containers
   ============================================================================ */
section,
.masthead, .page-hero, .pillar-hero, .hero, .research-hero, .archive-hero,
.news-strip, .explore, .featured, .archive,
.pillar-overview, .student-section, .awards-section, .research-cta-section {
  padding-left: var(--page-pad) !important;
  padding-right: var(--page-pad) !important;
  position:relative;
  z-index:2;
}

.mh-inner, .carousel-inner, .ns-inner, .ex-inner, .container,
.ph-inner, .hero-inner, .inner,
.featured-container, .archive-container,
.footer-grid, .footer-bottom,
.pillar-overview .grid, .student-section .inner {
  width: min(100%, var(--max-w)) !important;
  max-width: var(--max-w) !important;
  margin-left:auto !important;
  margin-right:auto !important;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Bilingual display (consistent across all pages)
   ============================================================================ */
[data-lang] { display:block; }

/* Inline contexts: nav links, chips, meta labels, badges */
nav ul a [data-lang],
.chip [data-lang],
.filter-group-label [data-lang],
.ph-meta span [data-lang],
.mh-meta span [data-lang],
.hero-meta span [data-lang],
.research-meta span [data-lang],
.archive-meta span [data-lang],
.ns-cat [data-lang],
.slide-tag [data-lang],
.ex-num [data-lang],
.qlink [data-lang],
.ext-link [data-lang],
.ns-all [data-lang],
.pub-type > [data-lang],
.pub-pillar [data-lang],
.pubs-cta [data-lang],
.archive-end [data-lang],
.year-count [data-lang],
.metric-label [data-lang],
.pillar-num-big [data-lang],
.portrait-label [data-lang],
.section-label [data-lang],
.award-year [data-lang],
.panel h4 [data-lang],
footer h5 [data-lang],
.slide-counter [data-lang],
.button-link [data-lang],
.project-label [data-lang],
.project-link [data-lang] { display:inline !important; }

/* Tasteful separator between ZH and EN in inline contexts */
nav ul a [data-lang="en"]::before,
.chip [data-lang="en"]::before,
.filter-group-label [data-lang="en"]::before,
.ph-meta span [data-lang="en"]::before,
.mh-meta span [data-lang="en"]::before,
.hero-meta span [data-lang="en"]::before,
.research-meta span [data-lang="en"]::before,
.archive-meta span [data-lang="en"]::before,
.ns-cat [data-lang="en"]::before,
.slide-tag [data-lang="en"]::before,
.ex-num [data-lang="en"]::before,
.qlink [data-lang="en"]::before,
.ext-link [data-lang="en"]::before,
.ns-all [data-lang="en"]::before,
.pubs-cta [data-lang="en"]::before,
.archive-end [data-lang="en"]::before,
.year-count [data-lang="en"]::before,
.metric-label [data-lang="en"]::before,
.award-year [data-lang="en"]::before,
.panel h4 [data-lang="en"]::before,
.button-link [data-lang="en"]::before,
.project-label [data-lang="en"]::before,
footer h5 [data-lang="en"]::before {
  content:' · ';
  color:var(--ink-faint);
  margin:0 .2em;
  font-weight:400;
  opacity:.8;
}

/* Display headlines: secondary English line below Mandarin */
.mh-title [data-lang="en"],
.section-title [data-lang="en"],
.ns-title [data-lang="en"],
.hero-content h1 [data-lang="en"],
.page-hero h1 [data-lang="en"],
.research-hero h1 [data-lang="en"],
.archive-hero h1 [data-lang="en"],
.pillar-hero h1 [data-lang="en"] {
  display:block !important;
  font-size: .42em !important;
  line-height: 1.15 !important;
  letter-spacing: -.018em !important;
  margin-top: .42em !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  font-style: normal !important;
  color: var(--ncku) !important;
  opacity:1 !important;
}

/* Subtle de-emphasis on secondary EN line in body copy */
.lede [data-lang="en"],
.hero-bio [data-lang="en"],
.mh-tagline [data-lang="en"],
.section-note [data-lang="en"],
.fc-meta [data-lang="en"],
.fc-title [data-lang="en"],
.fc-badge [data-lang="en"],
.slide-title [data-lang="en"],
.pillar-name [data-lang="en"],
.ex-title [data-lang="en"],
.hero-subtitle [data-lang="en"],
.edu-detail [data-lang="en"],
.edu-detail .school [data-lang="en"],
.award-detail [data-lang="en"],
.award-detail .ctx [data-lang="en"],
.panel li [data-lang="en"],
.footer-brand [data-lang="en"],
footer p [data-lang="en"] {
  margin-top:.42em;
  opacity:.82;
  font-size:.92em;
}

/* Display Chinese: serif */
.display [data-lang="zh"],
.mh-title [data-lang="zh"],
.section-title [data-lang="zh"],
.ns-title [data-lang="zh"],
.fc-title [data-lang="zh"],
.slide-title [data-lang="zh"],
.pillar-name [data-lang="zh"],
.pub-title [data-lang="zh"],
.hero-content h1 [data-lang="zh"],
.page-hero h1 [data-lang="zh"],
.research-hero h1 [data-lang="zh"],
.archive-hero h1 [data-lang="zh"],
.pillar-hero h1 [data-lang="zh"],
.ex-title [data-lang="zh"],
.hero-subtitle [data-lang="zh"],
.footer-brand [data-lang="zh"] {
  font-family:'Noto Sans TC','DM Sans',sans-serif;
  font-weight:700;
  letter-spacing:-.02em;
}

/* em in ZH headlines: brand red, not italic */
[data-lang="zh"] em,
.mh-title em, .section-title em, .ns-title em,
.page-hero h1 em, .pillar-hero h1 em, .research-hero h1 em, .archive-hero h1 em,
.hero-content h1 em, .student-section h2 em, .footer-brand em,
.slide-title em, .ns-title-sm em {
  font-style: normal !important;
  color: var(--ncku) !important;
  background:none;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Type system — display, headings, body
   ============================================================================ */
.mh-title, .page-hero h1, .pillar-hero h1, .hero-content h1,
.research-hero h1, .archive-hero h1 {
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 4.8vw + .2rem, 5.2rem) !important;
  font-weight: 800 !important;
  line-height: .96 !important;
  letter-spacing: -.045em !important;
  color: var(--ink) !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  -webkit-font-variation-settings: normal !important;
}

.section-title, .ns-title {
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 2.8vw + .4rem, 3.4rem) !important;
  font-weight: 750 !important;
  line-height: 1.04 !important;
  letter-spacing: -.035em !important;
  color: var(--ink) !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
}

.pillar-card h2, .student-section h2 {
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-weight: 750 !important;
  letter-spacing: -.03em !important;
}

.footer-brand {
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-size: clamp(1.4rem, 1.4vw + .8rem, 2rem) !important;
  font-weight: 750 !important;
  letter-spacing: -.025em !important;
}

/* Lede / body copy */
.lede, .mh-tagline, .hero-bio, .section-note,
.page-hero .lede, .pillar-hero .lede, .research-hero .lede, .archive-hero .lede {
  font-size: clamp(1.04rem, .35vw + .98rem, 1.22rem) !important;
  line-height: 1.6 !important;
  color: var(--ink-soft) !important;
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-weight: 400 !important;
  font-style: normal !important;
  max-width: 1050px;
}

/* Disable the floating drop-cap from per-page styles (creates awkward CJK rendering) */
.pillar-hero .lede::first-letter,
.page-hero .lede::first-letter,
.research-hero .lede::first-letter,
.archive-hero .lede::first-letter,
.hero-bio::first-letter,
.lede::first-letter,
.mh-tagline::first-letter {
  font-size: inherit !important;
  float: none !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  color: inherit !important;
  font-family: inherit !important;
  font-weight: inherit !important;
  line-height: inherit !important;
}

/* Meta labels — all-caps mono with NCKU red */
.mh-meta, .ph-meta, .hero-meta, .research-meta, .archive-meta,
.section-label, .slide-tag, .ns-cat, .ex-num, .pillar-num-big,
.filter-group-label, .news-cat, .year-label, .pub-num, .pub-year,
.fc-badge, .outcome-label, .award-year, .metric-label, .portrait-label,
footer h5 {
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono','DM Sans',ui-monospace,monospace !important;
  font-size: .72rem !important;
  letter-spacing: .14em !important;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ncku) !important;
  font-weight: 500 !important;
}
.section-label::before { background: var(--ncku) !important; }

.year-label { font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3.6rem) !important; letter-spacing: -.02em !important; color: var(--ncku) !important; }

/* ============================================================================
   Navigation — pill style, identical on every page
   ============================================================================ */
nav {
  position:fixed !important;
  top: 14px !important;
  left: 50% !important;
  right: auto !important;
  bottom: auto !important;
  transform: translateX(-50%) !important;
  width: min(calc(100% - 24px), 1260px) !important;
  z-index: 120 !important;

  display: flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  justify-content: space-between !important;
  gap: 14px !important;
  padding: 8px 10px 8px 18px !important;

  background: rgba(255,255,255,.82) !important;
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(140%) !important;
  backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(140%) !important;
  border: 1px solid rgba(229,231,235,.85) !important;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(229,231,235,.85) !important;
  border-radius: 999px !important;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.6) !important;
}

nav .brand {
  display: flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  gap: 11px !important;
  min-width: 0;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-weight: 750 !important;
  font-size: 1rem !important;
  line-height: 1.1;
  color: var(--psu-navy) !important;
  letter-spacing: -.01em !important;
}
nav .brand .brand-logo { height: 34px !important; width: auto !important; flex-shrink: 0; }
nav .brand [data-lang="zh"] {
  font-family:'Noto Sans TC','DM Sans',sans-serif !important;
  font-size: 1rem !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  letter-spacing: 0 !important;
  white-space: nowrap;
  display: inline-block !important;
}
nav .brand [data-lang="en"] {
  font-family:'DM Sans',sans-serif !important;
  font-size: .68rem !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  letter-spacing: .02em !important;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ink-mute) !important;
  opacity: .82;
  margin-top: 2px;
  margin-left: 0;
  white-space: nowrap;
  display: block !important;
}

nav ul {
  list-style: none !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  padding: 4px !important;
  display: flex !important;
  flex-wrap: nowrap !important;
  gap: 2px !important;
  background: rgba(233,240,252,.6) !important;
  border: 1px solid rgba(30,64,124,.10) !important;
  border-radius: 999px !important;
}
nav ul li { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
nav ul a {
  display: inline-flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  justify-content: center !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  padding: 9px 14px !important;
  border-radius: 999px !important;
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-size: .78rem !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  letter-spacing: .01em !important;
  color: var(--ink-soft) !important;
  text-transform: none !important;
  white-space: nowrap;
  transition: background .18s ease, color .18s ease, transform .18s ease;
  position: relative;
}
nav ul a:hover {
  color: var(--ncku) !important;
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.6) !important;
}
nav ul a.active {
  color: #fff !important;
  background: var(--brand-gradient) !important;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(184,35,44,.22);
}
nav ul a.active::after,
nav ul a::after { display:none !important; }

/* Nav: ZH+EN inline separator override */
nav ul a [data-lang="en"]::before { content:' '; margin:0 .25em; opacity:.5; }
nav ul a [data-lang="zh"]::before { content: '' !important; margin: 0 !important; }
nav ul a [data-lang="zh"] { margin-right: 6px !important; }
nav ul a [data-lang="zh"] {
  font-family:'Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-weight:700 !important;
  letter-spacing:0 !important;
}
nav ul a [data-lang="en"] {
  font-family:'DM Sans',sans-serif !important;
  font-weight:600 !important;
  font-size:.78em !important;
  letter-spacing:.02em !important;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  opacity:.8;
}

/* Mobile nav toggle */
.nav-toggle {
  display: none;
  width: 44px;
  height: 44px;
  border: 1px solid rgba(30,64,124,.18);
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: #fff;
  color: var(--psu-navy);
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  cursor: pointer;
  box-shadow: 0 5px 14px rgba(0,30,68,.08);
  position: relative;
  padding: 0;
}
.nav-toggle span,
.nav-toggle::before,
.nav-toggle::after {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 18px;
  height: 2px;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background: currentColor;
  position: absolute;
  transition: transform .2s ease, opacity .2s ease;
}
.nav-toggle::before { transform: translateY(-6px); }
.nav-toggle::after { transform: translateY(6px); }
body.nav-open .nav-toggle span { opacity: 0; }
body.nav-open .nav-toggle::before { transform: rotate(45deg); }
body.nav-open .nav-toggle::after { transform: rotate(-45deg); }

/* ============================================================================
   Hero / Masthead
   ============================================================================ */
.masthead, .page-hero, .pillar-hero, .hero, .research-hero, .archive-hero {
  padding-top: clamp(94px, 7vw, 132px) !important;
  padding-bottom: clamp(36px, 4.5vw, 64px) !important;
  background: none !important;
}

.mh-meta, .ph-meta, .hero-meta, .research-meta, .archive-meta {
  display: flex !important;
  justify-content: space-between !important;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 0 0 14px 0 !important;
  margin-bottom: clamp(20px, 2.4vw, 32px) !important;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(184,35,44,.18) !important;
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono','DM Sans',monospace !important;
  font-size: .68rem !important;
  letter-spacing: .14em !important;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ncku) !important;
  gap: 16px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.mh-meta span, .ph-meta span, .hero-meta span,
.research-meta span, .archive-meta span { min-width: 0; }

/* Hero title space — let it flow on desktop instead of breaking into a narrow column */
@media (min-width: 901px) {
  .mh-title br,
  .page-hero h1 br,
  .pillar-hero h1 br,
  .hero-content h1 br,
  .research-hero h1 br,
  .archive-hero h1 br { display: none !important; }
  .mh-title [data-lang="zh"],
  .page-hero h1 [data-lang="zh"],
  .pillar-hero h1 [data-lang="zh"],
  .hero-content h1 [data-lang="zh"],
  .research-hero h1 [data-lang="zh"],
  .archive-hero h1 [data-lang="zh"] { word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: normal; }
}

.mh-row, .ph-row, .hero-quick, .external-links {
  display: flex !important;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: flex-end !important;
  justify-content: space-between !important;
  gap: clamp(20px, 3vw, 48px) !important;
  margin-top: clamp(22px, 3vw, 36px) !important;
}

.mh-pillars {
  color: var(--psu-navy) !important;
  background: var(--bg-soft) !important;
  border: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  border-radius: 14px;
  padding: 14px 18px;
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono','DM Sans',monospace !important;
  font-size: .72rem !important;
  letter-spacing: .1em !important;
  line-height: 1.8 !important;
  text-align: right;
  max-width: 420px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-xs);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Carousel (homepage)
   ============================================================================ */
.carousel-section {
  padding-top: clamp(16px, 2.4vw, 28px) !important;
  padding-bottom: clamp(48px, 6vw, 80px) !important;
}
.carousel {
  position: relative;
  border: none !important;
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg) !important;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md), 0 0 0 1px rgba(0,30,68,.04) !important;
  overflow: hidden;
  isolation: isolate;
  background: var(--psu-navy) !important;
}
.carousel::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 32%, rgba(0,16,38,.78));
  z-index: 2;
  pointer-events: none;
}
.slide-title {
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-weight: 750 !important;
  font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 2.6vw + .3rem, 2.8rem) !important;
  color: #fff !important;
  letter-spacing: -.03em !important;
  line-height: 1.12 !important;
}
.slide-tag {
  color: rgba(255,255,255,.72) !important;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-size: .72rem !important;
  letter-spacing: .16em !important;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.slide-credit { color: rgba(255,255,255,.72) !important; font-size: .78rem !important; }
.slide-counter { color: rgba(255,255,255,.6) !important; font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-size: .76rem !important; }

.carousel-dots { display: flex; justify-content: center; gap: 8px; margin-top: 22px; }
.dot {
  width: 36px !important; height: 5px !important;
  border-radius: 999px;
  background: rgba(20,23,31,.18) !important;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  padding: 0;
  transition: background .25s ease, transform .25s ease;
}
.dot:hover { background: rgba(20,23,31,.32) !important; }
.dot.active { background: var(--ncku) !important; transform: scaleX(1.15); }

/* ============================================================================
   Sections — labels and titles get consistent rhythm
   ============================================================================ */
.section-label {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 10px;
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono','DM Sans',monospace !important;
  font-size: .72rem !important;
  letter-spacing: .16em !important;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ncku) !important;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-bottom: 14px;
}
.section-label::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 28px;
  height: 1.5px;
  background: var(--ncku);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Card system — used by news, research, featured, pillars, etc.
   ============================================================================ */
.ns-grid, .ex-grid, .featured-grid, .outcome-grid, .pillar-cards,
.pillar-overview .grid, .training-grid, .metrics-grid, .panels,
.award-list, .edu-list, .news-archive {
  background: transparent !important;
  border: none !important;
  gap: 18px !important;
}

.ns-item, .ex-card, .featured-card, .outcome-card, .pillar-card,
.training-item, .metric, .panel, .award, .edu,
.news-item, .approach-step, .item {
  background: var(--paper) !important;
  border: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md) !important;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-xs) !important;
  transition: transform .22s ease, box-shadow .22s ease, border-color .22s ease;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.ns-item:hover, .ex-card:hover, .featured-card:hover, .outcome-card:hover,
.pillar-card:hover, .training-item:hover, .news-item:hover,
.approach-step:hover, .item:hover {
  transform: translateY(-4px) !important;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md) !important;
  border-color: rgba(184,35,44,.30) !important;
}

.ex-title, .ns-title-sm, .fc-title, .news-title, .outcome-title,
.pillar-name, .panel h4, .training-item h3, .pillar-card h2 {
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-weight: 750 !important;
  letter-spacing: -.022em !important;
  color: var(--ink) !important;
  margin: 0 0 8px;
}

/* Top accent strip — restrained, only on key cards */
.ex-card::before,
.ns-item::before,
.featured-card::before,
.outcome-card::before,
.news-item::before,
.pillar-card::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  height: 3px;
  margin: -1px -1px 18px;
  background: var(--brand-gradient-line);
  opacity: .92;
  transition: opacity .22s ease, height .22s ease;
}
.ex-card:hover::before, .ns-item:hover::before, .featured-card:hover::before,
.outcome-card:hover::before, .news-item:hover::before, .pillar-card:hover::before {
  opacity: 1;
  height: 4px;
}

/* Homepage news feed — compact line-by-line layout */
.ns-feed {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--paper);
}
.ns-line {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 72px 90px 1fr auto;
  gap: 14px;
  padding: 18px 22px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--ink);
  transition: background .18s ease;
  align-items: baseline;
}
.ns-line:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
.ns-line:hover { background: var(--bg-soft); }
.ns-line:hover .ns-line-arrow { color: var(--ncku); transform: translateX(3px); }
.ns-line:hover .ns-line-title { color: var(--ncku); }
.ns-line-date {
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
  font-size: .78rem;
  color: var(--psu);
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: .04em;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.ns-line-cat {
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
  font-size: .68rem;
  color: var(--ncku);
  letter-spacing: .10em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.ns-line-title {
  font-weight: 600;
  font-size: .95rem;
  line-height: 1.35;
  transition: color .18s ease;
}
.ns-line-title em { color: var(--ncku); font-style: normal; }
.ns-line-arrow {
  color: var(--ink-faint);
  font-size: .9rem;
  transition: color .18s ease, transform .18s ease;
}
@media (max-width: 680px) {
  .ns-line {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
    gap: 6px 12px;
    padding: 16px 18px;
  }
  .ns-line-date { grid-column: 1; font-size: .72rem; }
  .ns-line-cat { grid-column: 1; font-size: .64rem; }
  .ns-line-title { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
  .ns-line-arrow { grid-row: 1; grid-column: 2; }
}

/* News archive — image placeholder / actual image */
.news-img {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 16/9;
  border-radius: 10px;
  border: 1px dashed rgba(30,64,124,.20);
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--bg-soft), var(--paper));
  color: var(--ink-faint);
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
  font-size: .72rem;
  letter-spacing: .08em;
  margin-top: 16px;
  overflow: hidden;
}
.news-img > span {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}
.news-img img {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  display: block;
  border-radius: 9px;
}

/* Background tint for news / featured / archive sections */
.news-strip, .student-section, .featured, .archive, .awards-section,
.research-cta-section, .pillar-overview {
  background: var(--bg-soft) !important;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  padding-top: clamp(60px, 7vw, 100px) !important;
  padding-bottom: clamp(60px, 7vw, 100px) !important;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Buttons / chips / link pills
   ============================================================================ */
.chip, .ext-link, .qlink, .ns-all, .pubs-cta, .button-link {
  display: inline-flex !important;
  align-items: center !important;
  gap: 6px;
  padding: 8px 16px !important;
  border-radius: 999px !important;
  border: 1px solid rgba(30,64,124,.22) !important;
  background: var(--paper) !important;
  color: var(--psu) !important;
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif !important;
  font-size: .82rem !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  letter-spacing: .01em !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
  transition: background .18s ease, color .18s ease, border-color .18s ease, transform .18s ease;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.chip.active,
.chip:hover, .ext-link:hover, .qlink:hover, .ns-all:hover, .pubs-cta:hover,
.button-link:hover {
  background: var(--brand-gradient) !important;
  color: #fff !important;
  border-color: transparent !important;
  transform: translateY(-1px);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(184,35,44,.18);
}
.ns-all { background: transparent !important; border-color: var(--ncku) !important; color: var(--ncku) !important; }
.ns-all:hover { color: #fff !important; }

/* ============================================================================
   Filter bar (publications)
   ============================================================================ */
.filter-bar {
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.78) !important;
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
  border: none !important;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  padding: 18px var(--page-pad) !important;
  position: sticky;
  top: 78px;
  z-index: 50;
}
.filter-inner {
  width: min(100%, var(--max-w));
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 12px;
}
.filter-group {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Publications archive
   ============================================================================ */
.pub {
  border-radius: 12px;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--paper);
  padding: 18px !important;
  margin-bottom: 12px !important;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(20,23,31,.04);
  transition: border-color .2s ease, box-shadow .2s ease, transform .2s ease;
}
.pub:hover {
  border-color: rgba(184,35,44,.30);
  box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(20,23,31,.07);
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}
.pub-title { color: var(--ink) !important; font-weight: 600 !important; }
.pub-venue, .pub-authors { color: var(--ink-soft) !important; }
.year-block, .year-block-news { scroll-margin-top: 110px; }
.archive-end {
  border-radius: 16px;
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  padding: 22px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-xs);
}

/* Director page — education & career list */
.edu-list {
  display: flex !important;
  flex-direction: column !important;
  gap: 0 !important;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
}
.edu {
  padding: 18px 0 !important;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  display: grid !important;
  grid-template-columns: 80px 1fr !important;
  gap: 20px !important;
  align-items: baseline !important;
}
.edu-year {
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace !important;
  font-size: .78rem !important;
  color: var(--ncku) !important;
  letter-spacing: .04em !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.edu-detail {
  font-family: 'DM Sans', 'Noto Sans TC', sans-serif !important;
  font-size: .96rem !important;
  line-height: 1.4 !important;
  color: var(--ink) !important;
  font-weight: 600 !important;
  font-style: normal !important;
}
.edu-detail .school {
  color: var(--ink-mute) !important;
  font-style: normal !important;
  font-size: .88rem !important;
  display: block !important;
  margin-top: 4px !important;
  font-weight: 400 !important;
}
@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .edu { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; gap: 4px !important; }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Director page
   ============================================================================ */
.hero-grid, .two-col { align-items: start; }
.portrait {
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg) !important;
  background: linear-gradient(155deg, var(--paper), var(--bg-soft)) !important;
  border: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md) !important;
}
.metrics-sources { color: var(--ink-mute) !important; }
.metric-num { color: var(--psu-navy) !important; font-weight: 800 !important; }

/* ============================================================================
   Research pages — pillar cards
   ============================================================================ */
/* Pillar page top navigation — compact horizontal bar inside hero */
.pillar-nav {
  margin: 18px 0 28px;
}
.pillar-nav .container {
  display: flex;
  gap: 6px;
  max-width: var(--max-w);
  overflow-x: auto;
  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
  padding: 0;
}
.pillar-nav-item {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border-radius: 999px;
  border: 1px solid rgba(30,64,124,.18);
  background: var(--paper);
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--ink-soft);
  font-size: .82rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  white-space: nowrap;
  transition: background .18s ease, color .18s ease, border-color .18s ease;
  flex-shrink: 0;
}
.pillar-nav-item .pn-num {
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
  font-size: .72rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: .06em;
  color: var(--ink-faint);
}
.pillar-nav-item:hover { border-color: var(--ncku); color: var(--ncku); }
.pillar-nav-item.active { background: var(--brand-gradient); color: #fff; border-color: transparent; }
.pillar-nav-item.active .pn-num { color: rgba(255,255,255,.7); }

/* ============================================================================
   Research pages — pillar cards
   ============================================================================ */
.pillar-overview .grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
.pillar-card .num,
.pillar-card .tools { color: var(--psu) !important; }
.approach-frame {
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.72) !important;
  border: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  border-radius: var(--radius-lg) !important;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
}
.item-list { gap: 16px !important; }
.other-pillars { background: var(--bg-soft) !important; }

/* Research-page project example blocks */
.scope-grid, .method-grid, .project-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 18px;
  margin-top: 32px;
}
.scope-card, .method-card, .project-card {
  background: var(--paper);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-xs);
  padding: 24px;
  transition: transform .22s ease, box-shadow .22s ease, border-color .22s ease;
}
.scope-card:hover, .method-card:hover, .project-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-3px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
  border-color: rgba(184,35,44,.30);
}
.scope-card h3, .method-card h3, .project-card h3 {
  font-family:'DM Sans','Noto Sans TC',sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.14rem;
  line-height: 1.25;
  letter-spacing: -.022em;
  color: var(--psu-navy);
  margin: 0 0 10px;
  font-weight: 700;
}
.scope-card p, .method-card p, .project-card p, .project-outcome li {
  color: var(--ink-soft);
  line-height: 1.62;
  font-size: .96rem;
}
.project-card { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 14px; }
.project-abstract, .project-outcome { margin-top: 2px; }
.project-label {
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;
  font-size: .68rem;
  letter-spacing: .14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--ncku);
  margin-bottom: 6px;
  font-weight: 700;
}
.project-media {
  aspect-ratio: 16/9;
  border-radius: 12px;
  border: 1px dashed rgba(30,64,124,.22);
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--bg-soft), var(--paper));
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
  padding: 18px;
  color: var(--ink-mute);
}
.project-media.project-image {
  padding: 0 !important;
  overflow: hidden;
  position: relative;
  border-style: solid !important;
  background: var(--paper) !important;
  display: block !important;
}
.project-media.project-image img {
  width: 100%; height: 100%; display: block; object-fit: cover;
  aspect-ratio: 16/10;
}
.project-media.project-image figcaption {
  position: absolute;
  left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0;
  padding: 10px 12px;
  font-size: .76rem;
  line-height: 1.35;
  color: #fff;
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0,30,68,0), rgba(0,30,68,.84));
}
.project-outcome ul { padding-left: 1.2em; margin: 0; }
.project-links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; margin-top: auto; }
.project-link {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  border: 1px solid rgba(30,64,124,.18);
  border-radius: 999px;
  padding: 7px 14px;
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;
  font-size: .7rem;
  letter-spacing: .04em;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: var(--psu);
  background: var(--paper);
  font-weight: 700;
  transition: background .18s ease, color .18s ease, border-color .18s ease;
}
.project-link:hover {
  background: var(--brand-gradient);
  color: #fff;
  border-color: transparent;
}
.related-note { margin-top: 18px; color: var(--ink-mute); max-width: 780px; }

/* ============================================================================
   News archive layout (year column + full-width news cards)
   ============================================================================ */
.news-archive { display: block !important; width: 100% !important; padding-top: 36px !important; }
.news-archive .inner { width: min(100%, var(--max-w)) !important; max-width: var(--max-w) !important; }
.year-block-news {
  display: grid !important;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(110px, 160px) minmax(0, 1fr) !important;
  gap: clamp(22px, 4vw, 52px) !important;
  align-items: start !important;
  padding: 32px 0 !important;
}
.year-block-news > div:last-child { min-width: 0 !important; display: grid; gap: 16px; }
.news-item {
  display: grid !important;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(58px, 86px) minmax(0, 1fr) !important;
  gap: 18px 24px !important;
  width: 100% !important;
  max-width: none !important;
  padding: 28px !important;
  margin: 0 !important;
  min-height: 0 !important;
}
.news-item::before { grid-column: 1 / -1 !important; margin: -28px -28px 18px !important; width: auto !important; }
.news-item > div:last-child { min-width: 0 !important; width: 100% !important; }
.news-title { max-width: 900px !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; }
.news-body { max-width: 920px !important; }
.news-date {
  white-space: normal !important;
  overflow-wrap: break-word !important;
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;
  color: var(--psu) !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  font-size: .82rem !important;
  letter-spacing: .06em;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Prospective strip on homepage
   ============================================================================ */
.prospective-strip {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 2;
  padding: 80px var(--page-pad) !important;
  background: var(--bg-soft);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}
.prospective-inner {
  width: min(100%, var(--max-w));
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.25fr) minmax(220px, .55fr);
  gap: 36px;
  align-items: end;
}
.prospective-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; justify-content: flex-end; }

/* Join page */
.join-grid { gap: 18px !important; }
.join-card {
  border-radius: var(--radius-md) !important;
  background: var(--paper) !important;
  border: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-xs) !important;
}
.join-card h3 { color: var(--psu-navy) !important; }
.pathway { gap: clamp(24px, 5vw, 56px) !important; }

/* ============================================================================
   Footer
   ============================================================================ */
footer {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--psu-navy) 0%, #0B2858 50%, var(--psu) 100%) !important;
  color: rgba(255,255,255,.82) !important;
  padding: clamp(60px, 7vw, 96px) var(--page-pad) clamp(28px, 3vw, 40px) !important;
  position: relative;
  margin-top: 0;
  isolation: isolate;
}
footer::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute; inset: 0;
  background:
    radial-gradient(50vw 28vh at 100% 0%, rgba(184,35,44,.28), transparent 55%),
    radial-gradient(40vw 26vh at -5% 100%, rgba(184,35,44,.16), transparent 60%);
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: -1;
}
.footer-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(260px, 1.35fr) repeat(3, minmax(160px, 1fr)) !important;
  gap: clamp(28px, 4vw, 56px) !important;
  margin-bottom: 56px;
}
.footer-logo {
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.96);
  border-radius: 14px;
  padding: 8px;
  height: 72px !important;
  width: auto;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  filter: none !important;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.15);
}
.footer-brand { color: #fff !important; letter-spacing: -.03em !important; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.footer-brand em { font-style: normal !important; color: #FFB0B8 !important; }
footer h5 {
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono','DM Sans',monospace !important;
  font-size: .68rem !important;
  letter-spacing: .16em !important;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  color: rgba(255,255,255,.92) !important;
  margin: 0 0 18px !important;
  font-weight: 600;
}
footer p, footer a, .footer-bottom {
  color: rgba(255,255,255,.78) !important;
  font-size: .92rem;
  line-height: 1.7;
  text-decoration: none;
}
footer a:hover { color: #fff !important; }
footer ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
footer ul li { margin-bottom: 6px; }
.footer-bottom {
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14) !important;
  padding-top: 24px;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 10px;
  font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;
  font-size: .74rem;
  letter-spacing: .06em;
  color: rgba(255,255,255,.5) !important;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Motion / accessibility
   ============================================================================ */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: .001ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
    transition-duration: .001ms !important;
  }
}

/* Reveal animation kept simple */
.reveal { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(16px); animation: rfl-reveal .8s cubic-bezier(.2,.8,.2,1) forwards; }
.reveal:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: .06s; }
.reveal:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: .12s; }
.reveal:nth-child(4) { animation-delay: .18s; }
@keyframes rfl-reveal { to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); } }

/* ============================================================================
   Responsive — 1180 / 900 / 680 / 560 / 440
   ============================================================================ */
@media (max-width: 1180px) {
  nav { width: calc(100% - 20px) !important; }
  nav ul a { padding: 8px 11px !important; font-size: .74rem !important; }
  .pillar-overview .grid,
  .ex-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important; }
  .ns-grid, .featured-grid, .outcome-grid, .pillar-cards, .metrics-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;
  }
  .scope-grid, .method-grid, .project-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;
  }
  .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important; }
}

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  body.nav-open { overflow: hidden; }
  nav {
    border-radius: 26px !important;
    padding: 9px 10px 9px 16px !important;
    min-height: 62px;
  }
  nav .brand { max-width: calc(100% - 58px); }
  nav .brand [data-lang="zh"] { font-size: 1rem !important; }
  nav .brand [data-lang="en"] { font-size: .62rem !important; }
  .nav-toggle { display: flex !important; position: relative; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-left: auto; z-index: 151; }
  nav ul {
    position: fixed !important;
    top: 78px !important;
    left: 10px !important; right: 10px !important;
    display: grid !important;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    gap: 8px !important;
    padding: 14px !important;
    border-radius: 20px !important;
    background: rgba(255,255,255,.98) !important;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    transform: translateY(-12px);
    opacity: 0;
    pointer-events: none;
    max-height: calc(100vh - 92px);
    overflow: auto;
    transition: opacity .18s ease, transform .18s ease;
  }
  body.nav-open nav ul {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
    pointer-events: auto;
  }
  nav ul a {
    display: flex !important;
    justify-content: space-between !important;
    align-items: center !important;
    padding: 13px 16px !important;
    border: 1px solid var(--line) !important;
    background: var(--paper) !important;
    font-size: .92rem !important;
  }
  nav ul a [data-lang="en"]::before { content: '' !important; }

  .mh-row, .ph-row, .hero-quick, .footer-bottom {
    flex-direction: column !important;
    align-items: flex-start !important;
  }
  .mh-pillars { text-align: left !important; width: 100%; max-width: none; }
  .carousel { aspect-ratio: auto !important; min-height: 480px; }
  .slide { padding: clamp(22px, 5vw, 38px) !important; }
  .slide-content { justify-content: flex-end !important; flex-direction: column !important; align-items: flex-start !important; }
  .hero-grid, .student-section .inner, .two-col, .content-grid, .panels {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
  }
  .portrait { max-width: 420px; width: 100%; }
  .filter-inner { gap: 14px !important; }
  .filter-group { width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; padding-bottom: 6px; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; }
  .chip { flex: 0 0 auto; }

  /* Smaller hero typography on mobile */
  .masthead, .page-hero, .pillar-hero, .hero,
  .research-hero, .archive-hero {
    padding-top: 92px !important;
    padding-bottom: 28px !important;
  }
  .mh-meta, .ph-meta, .hero-meta, .research-meta, .archive-meta {
    display: grid !important;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
    gap: 6px !important;
    font-size: .62rem !important;
  }
  .mh-title, .page-hero h1, .pillar-hero h1,
  .hero-content h1, .research-hero h1, .archive-hero h1 {
    font-size: clamp(1.95rem, 8.5vw, 3.6rem) !important;
    line-height: 1 !important;
  }
  .ns-header { align-items: flex-start !important; }
}

@media (max-width: 680px) {
  :root { --page-pad: 18px; }
  .mh-title, .page-hero h1, .pillar-hero h1,
  .hero-content h1, .research-hero h1, .archive-hero h1 {
    font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 9.5vw, 3rem) !important;
    letter-spacing: -.04em !important;
  }
  .scope-grid, .method-grid, .project-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; gap: 14px !important; }
  .scope-card, .method-card, .project-card { padding: 20px !important; }
  .project-media { aspect-ratio: 4/3; }
  .ns-grid, .ex-grid, .featured-grid, .outcome-grid, .pillar-cards,
  .pillar-overview .grid, .training-grid, .metrics-grid, .footer-grid,
  .award-list, .edu-list, .news-archive {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr !important;
  }
  .ns-item, .ex-card, .featured-card, .outcome-card, .pillar-card,
  .training-item, .metric, .panel, .award, .edu, .news-item, .approach-step, .item {
    padding: 22px !important;
  }
  .pub {
    display: grid !important;
    grid-template-columns: auto 1fr !important;
    gap: 6px 12px !important;
  }
  .pub-content { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
  .footer-logo { height: 64px !important; }
  .footer-bottom { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; }
  .year-block-news { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; gap: 14px !important; }
  .news-item { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; gap: 10px !important; padding: 20px !important; }
  .news-item::before { margin: -20px -20px 14px !important; }
  .prospective-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; align-items: start; }
  .prospective-actions { justify-content: flex-start; }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .masthead { padding-top: 86px !important; padding-bottom: 18px !important; }
  .mh-title { font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 10vw, 2.6rem) !important; letter-spacing: -.045em !important; }
  .mh-row { margin-top: 18px !important; }
  .carousel { min-height: 400px !important; border-radius: 18px !important; }
  .slide { padding: 20px !important; }
  .slide-title { font-size: clamp(1.18rem, 6vw, 1.6rem) !important; line-height: 1.18 !important; }
  .slide-tag { font-size: .66rem !important; letter-spacing: .14em !important; }
  .slide-credit { font-size: .66rem !important; }
  .carousel-dots { gap: 6px !important; margin-top: 14px !important; }
  .dot { width: 26px !important; height: 5px !important; }
  .ns-title { font-size: 1.9rem !important; }
  .prospective-strip { padding: 52px var(--page-pad) !important; }
  .prospective-actions { flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; }
}

@media (max-width: 440px) {
  nav { width: calc(100% - 12px) !important; top: 7px !important; }
  nav .brand .brand-logo { height: 30px !important; }
  nav .brand [data-lang="en"] { display: none !important; }
  .chip, .ext-link, .qlink, .ns-all, .pubs-cta, .button-link { padding: 8px 12px !important; font-size: .76rem !important; }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Safety guards — final overrides for things that creep in
   ============================================================================ */
.ex-title { overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: normal; }
.carousel-section { overflow: hidden; }
.slide-content { min-width: 0; }
.slide-caption { min-width: 0; width: min(100%, 680px); }
.ns-grid > *, .ex-grid > * { min-width: 0; }
.ns-header, .ex-header {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: flex-end;
  gap: 20px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin-bottom: 36px;
}
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .ns-header, .ex-header {
    flex-direction: column !important;
    align-items: flex-start !important;
    gap: 14px !important;
  }
}

/* Filter chips and inline labels: no bullet separator (saves space) */
.chip [data-lang="en"]::before,
.chip [data-lang="zh"]::before,
.filter-group-label [data-lang="en"]::before,
.filter-group-label [data-lang="zh"]::before,
.metric-label [data-lang="en"]::before,
.metric-label [data-lang="zh"]::before,
.pub-type > [data-lang="en"]::before,
.pub-type > [data-lang="zh"]::before,
.pub-pillar [data-lang="en"]::before,
.pub-pillar [data-lang="zh"]::before { content: '' !important; margin: 0 !important; }
.chip [data-lang="zh"],
.filter-group-label [data-lang="zh"],
.metric-label [data-lang="zh"] { margin-right: 6px !important; }
.pub-type > [data-lang="en"] { margin-right: 6px !important; }
.pub-type > [data-lang="zh"] { margin-right: 4px !important; }

/* Award text appended to publication type badge (shown only once, in Chinese) */
.pub-award {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-left: 8px;
  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Noto Sans TC', monospace !important;
  font-size: 9px !important;
  color: var(--ncku) !important;
  letter-spacing: .08em !important;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  font-weight: 600;
}
.pub-award::before {
  content: '· ';
  color: var(--ink-faint);
  margin-right: 2px;
  font-weight: 400;
}